Hiram College Library: History Subject Guide: Source Types

Scholarly vs Popular

Anatomy of a Scholarly Article
A guide from NCSU describing what are the features of a scholarly article.
Anatomy of a Scholarly Article (Video)
Peer Review in Five Minutes
A quick video about what Peer Review is from NCSU.

Criteria	Scholarly Article	Popular Article
Authorship	Authors are scholars and experts in the field. Authors are always named, and their institutional affiliation is given.	Authors are staff writers or journalists.
Publisher	Publishers may be university presses or professional associations. Articles may be edited through the peer-review process by scholars in the same field of study.	Publishers are corporations, working for profit.
Content/Length	Articles are longer with a focus on research projects, methodology and theory. Language is more formal, technical, using discipline specific terminology.	Articles may be shorter with a general focus on the topic and written for news or entertainment value.
Sources Cited	Sources are cited and a bibliography or footnotes provided to document the research.	Sources are not usually cited.
Structure	Article may include these sections: abstract, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion, and a bibliography.	Specific format is not followed.
Audience	Audience consists of academics, scholars, researchers, and professionals.	Audience is the general public.

The C. A. R. S. Checklist is another way to evaluate information sources. It asks you to look for Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, and Support before deciding to use or trust an information source.

Credibility: Trustworthy source, author’s credentials, evidence of quality control, known or respected authority, organizational support.
- Goal: an authoritative source, a source that supplies some good evidence that allows you to trust it.
Accuracy: Up to date, factual, detailed, exact, comprehensive, audience and purpose reflect intentions of completeness and accuracy.
- Goal: a source that is correct today (not yesterday), a source that gives the whole truth.
Reasonableness: Fair, balanced, objective, reasoned, no conflict of interest, absence of fallacies or slanted tone.
- Goal: a source that engages the subject thoughtfully and reasonably, concerned with the truth.
Support: listed sources, contact information, available corroboration, claims supported, documentation supplied.
- Goal: a source that provides convincing evidence for the claims made, a source you can triangulate (find at least two other sources that support it).

Source: Robert Harris, Evaluating Internet Research Sources, https://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm.

CARS Checklist Overview
An in-depth overview of the CARS Checklist from North Hennepin Community College.

CARS Checklist Worksheet
A PDF of the CARS checklist from the Santa Barbara City College Writing Center. Use OneNote to quickly fill it out as you evaluate sources.

There's actually more to this than ads or no ads/references or no references. There are various sorts of "peer review." Also some folks would decide whether an article is valuable or not simply based on the reputation of the journal where it is published. One controversial measure of that is journal "impact factor." Here are some links in case you would like to explore these issues further.

Eigenfactor.org
A searchable website for evaluating the influence of scholarly articles.
Impact factor game (2006)

Peer Review in 3 Minutes

What is Peer Review? How is it different than an Academic Article? Is it? This NC State University Libraries video answers your questions in 3 minutes!

Peer Review in Three Minutes from NC State University Libraries on Vimeo.

Video Transcript.

Periodical Types

	Magazine	Trade	Journal
Purpose	Entertainment; General news; Selling products and advertising; Promoting a specific viewpoint.	Industry specific news; Reporting trends and new directions (sometimes including original research).	Reporting original research and/or experimentation; Offering new information for a specific academic discipline.
Style	Short articles; Easy to read; For a general audience.	Some short and some longer articles; Harder to read than popular publications, but still fairly easy to read; Makes use of industry-specific vocabulary.	Long articles (with occasional exceptions); Make use of discipline-specific vocabulary; For scholars and students of that discipline.
Authors	Usually staff writers; Qualifications usually not given; May not be identified at all.	Mixture of authors, some staff writers, some academics, and some working professionals; Credentials typically given	Experts in the field (usually academics); Credentials will be listed; Contact information usually given.
References	Sources/References Cited lists are almost never included; In-text references (ex. “According to experts”) are usually all that is given.	Depending upon the subject, Sources/References Cited lists are sometimes given, sometimes not.	Sources are always cited: Footnotes; Endnotes; Bibliography at end of article.
Appearance	Glossy cover and pages; Lots of photos and graphics; Usually attractive and eye-catching.	Glossy cover and pages; Lots of photos and graphics; Usually attractive and eye-catching; Will typically look like a magazine.	Typically dull covers and pages; Few or no photos and graphics (depends on discipline); May have identical cover design from issue to issue.
Advertising	Many advertisements (sometimes more ads than articles); Advertising a wide variety of unrelated products.	Many advertisements, usually (but not always) related to the topic of the periodical; Sometimes advertising a wide variety of unrelated products.	Few or no advertisements; Advertised products relate to the topic of the periodical.

What are Primary & Secondary Sources?

Primary sources provide the raw data you use to support your arguments. Some common types of primary resources include manuscripts, diaries, court cases, maps, data sets, experiment results, news stories, polls, or original research. In many cases what makes a primary resource is contextual. For example, a biography about Abraham Lincoln is a secondary resource about Lincoln. However, if examined as a piece of evidence about the nature of biographical writing, or as an example of the biographer's writing method it becomes a primary resource.

However the category of primary or secondary is often determined by how the source is being used. Often newspapers are considered secondary sources as journalists report, analyze, and interpret events and the experience of others. Newspapers can also be used as primary sources. If you are researching how American attitudes on welfare spending have changed during the past twenty years, newspaper editorials can serve as primary sources of public opinion. Librarians and your instructor can help you identify primary and secondary sources for your projects.

Disciplines	Primary source examples
Anthropology, Archaeology	Articles describing research, ethnographies, surveys, cultural and historical artifacts
Communications, Journalism	News (printed, radio, TV, online), photographs, blogs, social media sites
Education, Political Science, Public Policy	Government publications, laws, court cases, speeches, test results, interviews, polls, surveys
Fine Arts	Original art work, photographs, recordings of performances and music, scripts (film, theatre, television), music scores, interviews, memoirs, diaries, letters
History	Government publications, newspapers, photographs, diaries, letters, manuscripts, business records, court cases, videos, polls, census data, speeches
Language and Literature	Novels, plays, short stories, poems, dictionaries, language manuals
Psychology, Sociology, Economics	Articles describing research, experiment results, ethnographies, interviews, surveys, data sets
Sciences	Articles describing research and methodologies, documentation of lab research, research studies

Secondary Sources analyze primary sources, using primary source materials to answer research questions. Secondary sources may analyze, criticize, interpret or summarize data from primary sources. The most common secondary resources are books, journal articles, or reviews of the literature. Secondary sources may also be primary sources. For example if someone studies the nature of literary criticism in the 19th century then a literary critique from the 19th century becomes a primary resource.

Disciplines	Secondary source examples
Anthropology, Archaeology	Reviews of the literature, critical interpretations of scholarly studies
Communications, Journalism	Interpretive journal articles, books and blogs about the communications industry.
Education, Political Science, Public Policy	Reviews of the literature, critical interpretations of scholarly studies
Fine Arts	Critical interpretations of art and artists—biographies, reviews, recordings of live performances
History	Interpretive journal articles and books
Language and Literature	Literary criticism, biographies, reviews, text books
Psychology, Sociology, Economics	Reviews of the literature, critical interpretations of scholarly studies
Sciences	Publications about the significance of research or experiments

There are so many types of primary resources it is important to define your parameters by:

Discipline (e.g. art, history, physics, political science)
Format (e.g. book, manuscript, map, photograph)
Type of information you need (e.g. numerical data, images, polls, government reports, letters)
Date range

On the next tab, Library Primary Resources, there are examples of terms you may search to find books with primary resource and links to archival collections at Hiram College Library.

Hiram Primary Source Subjects Examples

Chicago Ill Maps

Jobs Steve 1955-2011 Interviews

Pound Ezra 1885-1972 Correspondence

Presidents United States Archives

Roosevelt Eleanor 1884-1962 Diaries

United States Population Statistics

Hiram also has a number of Newspapers that may be primary sources.

Search for books using Hiram College Library catalog.

Use the Books Images & More tab, Advanced search: Subject. The subjects listed above are examples of ways to locate books that contain primary resources.

Data and Statistics from the US Gov
Current statistical information from all sectors of the United States economy including the census, budget, economic, and other sets. (Was information formerly grouped together in STAT-USA.
GenderStats
Compiles statistics on gender topics at the country level with statistics drawn from a variety of sources. Updated as additional statistics become available.

Sage Data Foundations This link opens in a new window
Explore a curated collection of United States statistics in Data Planet Foundations. With this dynamic tool, you can scan and search the contents of billions of datasets, compare and contrast variables of interest, and create customized views in tables, maps, rankings, and charts. Views also include descriptive summaries of the datasets and data sources. Datasets cover a wide range of subjects – including business, finance, banking, economics, sociology, political science, demography, agriculture, education, international studies, criminal justice, housing and construction, labor and employment, energy resources and industries, and more. Sources include public, private/commercial, and nongovernmental organizations. Note: Data Planet Data will not be updated after 2021.

Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary

Primary Source: An authoritative document relating to a subject, which is used in the preparation of a later work, such as an original record or a contemporary document. In the humanities, a primary source is the document being analyzed; in the sciences it is a journal article reporting the results of original research. Primary sources are also called original sources or source material.

Secondary Source: A publication that digests, analyzes, evaluates, and/or interprets the information in primary sources.

Tertiary Source: A source that compiles, analyzes, and/or digests secondary sources.

	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
Timing of Publication Cycle	Tends to come first in the publication cycle.	Tends to come second in the publication cycle.	Tends to come last in the publication cycle.
Formats – depends in part on the type of analysis being done and the subject discipline	Newspapers, weekly and monthly magazines, letters, diaries. For scientists, scholarly journal articles.	Scholarly journal articles and books that build upon the primary sources.	Reference books (encyclopedias, for example) or text books.
Example: Historian (studying the Vietnam War)	Newspaper articles, weekly news magazines, monthly magazines, recordings of TV news broadcasts, diaries, letters, and diplomatic records.	Scholarly journal articles and books analyzing the war, which probable footnote the primary sources.	Encyclopedias and other reference books and text books that include information about the Vietnam War.
Example: Literary Critic (studying the literature of the Vietnam War)	Novels, poems, plays, diaries, correspondence.	Scholarly journal articles and books analyzing the literature. Biographies of the authors who wrote the primary sources.	Encyclopedias and other reference books and text books that include information about the literature or the authors.
Example: Psychologist (studying the effects of PTSD)	Article in a scholarly journal that reports original research and its methodology, as well as notes taken by a clinical psychologist.	Scholarly journal articles or books that synthesize the results of original research.	Encyclopedias and other reference books and text books that include information about PTSD.
Example: Scientist (studying Agent Orange exposure)	Article in a scholarly journal that reports original research.	Scholarly journal articles or books that synthesize the results of original research.	Encyclopedias and other reference books and text books that include information about the literature or the authors.

Based on documents from:

William Madison Randall Library, University of North Carolina Wilmington

St. Lawrence University Libraries