Skip to Main Content

UCS 20201 Hwang - What is the American Empire: Evaluate Sources

Evaluate Sources

Not every article is created equal.

Use these questions to decide if a source is credible and useful for your essay:

  • Journal & Author: Who wrote it? What is their background or affiliation?
  • Peer-reviewed: Has it been reviewed by other experts in the field?
  • Abstract & Introduction: Where is the thesis or main data?
  • Perspective & Bias: Whose voice is included or missing?

This step is essential when choosing the team article you’ll all work from for your essays.

What is a scholarly article? 

A scholarly article is written by experts for an academic audience, reports original research or analysis, and is published in a peer-reviewed journal. It includes references, formal language, and a structured format.

This video will help you understand what makes an article “scholarly,” how it’s structured, and why these features matter when you’re doing research.

What is the Difference Between Popular, Scholarly, and Trade Articles?

  • Popular: These are articles written for everyone. They’re found in magazines like Time or People, often with glossy pages, pictures, and simple language.
  • Scholarly: These are written by experts for other experts. They include research, use technical language, and have lots of citations. They’re often plain-looking with few pictures.
  • Trade: These focus on a specific job or industry, like business or healthcare. They share news, tips, and trends but don’t include deep research or peer review.
TIP: In library databases like Business Source Complete, you can filter results by type, such as Academic Journals/Peer Reviewed or Trade.

Source: University of Texas Libraries, Creative Commons CC BY-NC 2.0 license.

Source Types Widget
Feature Popular Magazines Scholarly Journals (Peer Reviewed/Academic Journals) Trade Publications
Content News, entertainment, trends Research studies, detailed reviews, book reviews Business/industry updates
Purpose To entertain or inform To share research and scholarship with academics To inform professionals
Author Journalists, staff writers Professors, researchers, scholars Industry experts, staff writers
Audience General public Researchers, academics, students Professionals in an industry
Review Process Checked by editors Reviewed by scholars/peers (peer-reviewed) Checked by editors
Citations Rare or informal Always includes citations (bibliographies, footnotes) Few or none
Frequency Weekly/monthly Quarterly or semi-annually Weekly/monthly
Ads Many ads for general products Minimal ads, usually for academic books or journals Ads for industry-related products
Examples Time, Vogue Journal of Business Ethics, New England Journal of Medicine Library Journal, Accounting Today

What does peer-reviewed mean? 

Peer-reviewed means that an article has been evaluated by other experts in the field before publication to ensure the research is accurate, credible, and meets academic standards.

Can’t find peer-reviewed sources?

Your topic might be very recent, like an event from last month, or something that hasn’t been studied academically yet, such as pop culture or sports. If you’re stuck, ask a librarian—we’re here to help!

Peer Review Timeline

What is a primary source? 

A primary source is firsthand evidencecreated during an event or by those directly involved.

In academic work, these sources (like diaries, interviews, photos, or data) let you analyze and interpret information at its origin.

  • All Sides - Provides balanced news, media bias ratings, diverse perspectives, and real conversation.
  • FactCheck - A nonpartisan, nonprofit “consumer advocate” for voters that aims to reduce the level of deception and confusion in U.S. politics.
  • Politifact - A fact-checking website that rates the accuracy of claims by elected officials and others on its Truth-O-Meter.
  • Snopes - Investigates rumors and news stories from across the internet, covering a variety of topics.
  • Media Bias/Fact Check - A comprehensive media bias resource on the internet. There are currently 5700+ media sources and journalists listed.

The SIFT Method

A step-by-step process to help uncover the truth behind a website, image, video, or online source. 

SIFT Evaluating Sources

Based on the work of Mike Caulfield, Washington State University.

Investigate the Source

Always check who made a source and why. A Nobel Prize economist? Useful to know. A video from the dairy industry? Also important context.

Fact-checkers don’t just stay on one page — they read laterally, jumping to other sites to see what’s being said and piecing together the bigger picture.

Lateral Reading = Reading Across Websites

  • Open other tabs right away, don’t just rely on the source itself
  • Look up the author, organization, or publisher on trusted sites
  • Compare across multiple sources to spot patterns or red flags
  • Decide whether the source is credible before using it

📺 Watch this 2:44 video to see lateral reading in action (hint: Wikipedia is a great shortcut!)

Find the Original

Things online often lose their context. A short video clip, a cropped photo, or a headline about research may not tell the whole story — and sometimes it’s misleading on purpose.

To be sure, trace what you see back to the original source and check if it was reported accurately.

Tracing = Going Upstream to the Source

  • Find the full video, image, or article instead of relying on a clip or repost
  • Check whether the research or quote actually says what’s claimed
  • Look for the first/original reporting before re-shares added spin
  • Compare how different outlets present the same event or study

📺 Watch this 1:33 video on re-reporting vs. original sources (and how to go “upstream” to check).

Ask a Librarian

Footer Example